MAKING INFERENCE

• Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.
• Making various possible interpretations from single observation
• Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.
• Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.
• Give reason to an observation or making an earlier conclusion from what have been observed.

The Inferences

• Logical inference – any reason as long as it is logic.
• Comparing – any logical reason but the answer must be in a form of comparing.
• Controlled/exact – only one specific reason is accepted.

Examples of questions

• State two reasons based on the observation above.
• State an inference for the condition of the fish in the aquarium.
• Give a reason for the answer given in (a)
• Why is the distance of the moving trolley decreasing?

PREDICTING

• Stating the outcome of a future event based on prior knowledge gained through experiences or collected data.
• Able to determine the outcomes from an action.
• Using pattern of data explicitly to make projections.
• Confident with the accuracy of the prediction.
• Able to verify  a statement of related to future events based on evidence or past experiences.
• Extrapolating and  inserting data as a tool to predict

Two ways to make prediction.

1. Based on the calculation from the data given. Answers obtained from the calculation is always exact (one whole number)

      2.   If the answer obtained is not exact or in range, write down only one whole

            number from that range

            Note:  Depends on the questions.

Examples of questions

• Predict the length of the string if a 5 kg load is used
• Predict in which pot will the seeds grow the healthiest.
• Predict the condition of the animal in container B after 2 weeks.
• What will happen to the plant if it is covered with a box?

MAKING HYPHOTESIS

Hypothesis:

Making a statement  of which can be proven by doing an experiment or investigation or fair test

Hypothesis sentence

Examples:

n  The more the time taken to heat the water, the more the temperature is.

n  As the time taken to heat the water increases, the temperature also increases.

n  The longer the string, the lesser the number of swings.

n  Plants need water to grow well

n  If the type of objects are different, the ability to absorb of water also different.

Examples of questions

a)      State a hypothesis based on the investigation above.

b)      What is the hypothesis of this investigation?

c)      Write a hypothesis based on the information above.

Technique of answering:

1. …..( trend/pattern)….  …(wtc)…..,  ……(trend pattern )……  ……(wto) ………

2.    As/If/When  ......(wtc)….  ….(trend/pattern)….,  ….(wto) … also  …..(trend/pattern)….

Clue:   1.  Identify the WTC and WTO

            2  Identify the trend/pattern of the WTC and WTO (if any)

            3..Relate the WTC and WTO to form hypothesis sentence

CONTROLLING VARIABLES

The Variables

1. Manipulated variable or What to change. (tc)

2. Responding variable or What to observe/measure (to)

3. Constant variable or What to keep the same (same)

1. What to observe/measure (to)

   

-          Thing that is being observed / measured /investigated / recorded / the result of an

      investigation.

2. What to change (tc)

     

-          Thing that is changed or being manipulated in an investigation and it has an effect on

      thing that is observed.

3.  What to keep the same

    

-          Thing that is always the same and kept constant  in an  investigation.  

Interpreting Data

The questions based on the

n  Table

n  Graph

n  Bar chart

n  Diagram

To state:

Ø  The aim/purpose of the investigation

Ø  The trend or pattern of the data given

Ø  The relationship between the thing to change and thing to observe.

Ø  By making conclusion or what you have learnt

Conclusion

Examples of questions

• Write down a conclusion for the investigation above.
• What can be concluded from the data given.
• What have you learnt from the investigation?

The sentence:

• Depend on the result of the investigation or from the data given.
• Also can use the hypothesis sentence if the result is related to it.

Guru HEBAT!!